shadow losses

[Mohamed1298]

Is there any equation to estimate the shadow losses manually or this must to be taken from the software?

[Bruno Wittmer]

The shadings losses depend on the details of the PV system layout and on the sun paths, which in turn are a function of the geographical location. Furthermore the losses will depend on the specific weather, since the shading of direct and diffuse light needs to be calculated differently.

There is no simple formula to calculate these losses, this has to be done by the software.